Cell structure and function Important key Points

 Double-membrane bounded organelles are:

• Mitochondria

• Chloroplasts

• Nucleus

Single-membrane bounded organelles are:

• Lysosomes

• Golgi complex

• Vacuole

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

• And all the remaining organelles

Non- membranous organelles are:

• Centrioles

• Ribosomes

• Nucleolus

       Difference Between plant cell and animal cell 

• plant cell has a definite shape while animal cell has a not definite shape.
• Plant cell has large vacuole while the animal cell has small vacuoles.
• Plant cell have no centrioles while the animal cell has centrioles.
• Plant cell is anastral while an animal cell is amphiastral.
• Plant cells are divided by forming phragmoplast or cell plates while animal cells are by cleavage furrow.
• Plant cell has no lysosomes while animal cells have lysosomes.
• Plant cell has dictyosomes while the animal cell has Golgi apparatus.
• Endocytosis does not occur in plant cells due to the presence of cell walls while it occurs in animal cells.

          Difference Between Eukaryotic cell and Prokaryotic  cell 

• Prokaryotic cell lack membrane-bounded organelles while Eukaryotic cells have these organelles.

• Prokaryotic cell has small-sized 70S ribosome while eukaryotic cell has 80S ribosome.

• The flagella of prokaryotes are made up of a single type of protein while eukaryotic cell flagella are made up of different types of proteins.

• Prokaryotic DNA is freely dispersed in cytoplasm while Eukaryotic cell DNA is enclosed in a nuclear envelope.

• The cell wall of a prokaryotic cell is also called the sacculus.

• Prokaryotes have mesosomes while eukaryotes have mitochondria for cellular respiration.

Important key Points:

• In bacterial cells extrachromosomal DNA is present called plasmid is present but naked.

• While Eukartic cell mitochondria and chromoplast have plasmid but are covered in membranes.

• Bacterial cell has three DNA polymerase while only one RNA polymerase enzyme.

• Eukaryotic cell has three RNA polymerase enzymes while only one DNA polymerase.

• Lipids metabolism is done by SER.

• Fatty acid metabolism is done by mitochondria.

• Post-translational l modification is also performed by the Golgi complex.

• Post-transcriptional modification is performed by RNA polysomes.

• Frog cell has 26 chromosomes, the human cell contains 48 chromosomes, the onion has 16, the monkey has 48, the pea has 14, and the fruit fly has 8 chromosomes.

• Chloroplasts have 4-6 micrometers in diameter.

• The inner membrane of mitochondria burst and F1 particles emerge.
•  The number of genomes varies from few to 100 in bacteriophage.