Biological Molecules

 Biological molecules are important for living organisms because they not only play a structural role in living bodies but are also involved in functional roles. Here is the analytic of biological molecules in the bacterial and mammalian cells,

Conjugate molecules:

Two Molecules having different chemical natures are combined together to form a conjugate molecule. for example, Glycolipids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and glycoproteins. 

• Glycoproteins are formed when proteins are covalently attached to carbohydrates. Most of the cell secretion is glycoproteinic in nature. These act as hormones, receptors,  blood group antigens, transport proteins, and as an integral component of the cell membranes. 
• Glycolipids are formed by the combination of lipids with carbohydrates, and fatty acids or alcohol. These are present in the white matter of the brain, in myelin sheaths, and in the chloroplast membrane. 
• Lipoproteins are formed by the combination of phospholipids and proteins. These are structural frameworks of the living of all types of membranes.
• Nucleioprotiens are formed by the combination of nucleic acids and proteins. /These are present in chromosomes and in ribosomes. These play both structural and functional roles. For example, nucleiohistones play an important role in the regulation of gene expression.

      All the notes of this chapter are ready. Click on any topic to learn it:                                                                                        

1.  WATER:https://www.entrytestpreptogether.com.pk/2023/04/chapter-2-topic-water.html
2.  PROTEINS:  https://www.entrytestpreptogether.com.pk/2023/04/proteins.html
3.    LIPIDS:      https://www.entrytestpreptogether.com.pk/2023/05/lipids.html
4. CARBOHYDRATES: https://www.entrytestpreptogether.com.pk/2023/04/polysacchirides.html                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

IMPORTANT KEY POINTS:                                                                    

•   Vitamin D is a steroid while vitamin A is a terpenoid.    
•   RNA degraded in our body after 30 minutes.
•  In a typical nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to position number 1 of pentose sugar while phosphoric acid is at position number 5.
• The Phosphodiester bond is formed between 3 ends of one sugar and 5 ends of the other sugar.  
• ATP is a mononucleotide while NAD is a dinucleotide.
• DNA act as a stable long-term repository for genetic information.