Atomic structure Part-2

Shapes of the orbitals:

The s-orbital is spherically symmetrical. The size of the shape orbital is increased with the increase of the quantum number and also moves away from the nucleus i.e: the size of 2s orbital is greater than 1s orbital and so on. The probability of finding an electron is zero between two orbital and is called the nodal plane.

The p-orbital is dumbbell shape and has three magnetic quantum numbers, so it has three space orientations: Px, Py, and Pz. P-orbital has a dimensional character that determines the geometry of molecules. All these orbitals have the same energy and shape, but their size increases with the increase of quantum number.

 The d-orbital has five space orientations as it has five magnetic numbers. These are dxy, dyz, dxz, 

dx2 - y2,  and dz^2. All the first four orbital have four lobes while the last is bilobed, unicolor.

Only the last two out of five lies on the axis while all remaining three lie between the axis. It has a sausage-like shape. 

The f-orbital has a very complicated shape.

Electronic distribution laws:

• (n+l) rule: According to this rule, subshells are arranged in the increasing order of (n+l) and if any two subshells have the same (n+l) values, then that subshell is placed first whose n value is smaller.
• Aufbau Principle: According to this rule, The electrons should be filled in subshells in order of increasing energy values. The electrons are placed first in 1s, then into 2s, then into 2p, and so on.
• Pauli's exclusion Principle: According to this rule, it is impossible for 2 electrons to remain in the same orbital of a poly electron atom to have the same values of four quantum numbers or two electrons in the shape orbital should have opposite spin.
• Hund's Rule: according to this rule if the de- generate orbitals are available and more than one electrons are to be placed in them they should be placed in a separate orbital with the same spin than rather putting them in the same orbital with the opposite spin. It is applicable only to the degenerate orbitals. It tells the valency of the atom.

For learning electronic configuration please watch this video:

    

give your feedback in comments